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Process Data set: Kaakao Clay bricks and brick slips Product-EPD (en) en

Key Data Set Information
Location FI
Geographical representativeness description FI
Reference year 2025
Name
Kaakao Clay bricks and brick slips Product-EPD
Use advice for data set The studied system boundary was cradle to gate with options, modules C1–C4 and module D (A1–A3, A4, A5, C1-C4 and D). Studied system covers the following steps of life cycle according to EN 15804: A1 Raw material supply, A2 Transport, A3 Manufacturing, A4 Transportation to customer, A5 Installation, C1 Deconstruction, C2 Transportation of end-of-life, C3 Waste processing and C4 Disposal. In addition, the benefits and loads beyond the system boundary of stage D consist of product reuse, recovery and recycling. The study does not omit any life cycle stages, processes or data needs that are mandatory according to EN 15804 and RTS PCR. The end of waste (EoW) point of the production scraps is the point where it is processed to be ready to use in following life cycles. For example, for incinerated waste streams, it is the incineration of the materials, which results as energy that is then available for consumption in the following life cycle. For paper waste, it is ready to be used as secondary raw material after sorting. EoW point of the packaging materials collected for processing in A5 module is the point when materials are collected and handled in the sorting plant. EoW point of the studied product is the step when bricks are recycled and available to following life cycles as waste brick or collected for final disposal
Technical purpose of product or process The main raw materials for brick products are clay, sand and water. Finnish clay contains iron compounds, which is reflected in the brick as a red hue after firing. Kaolin clay and lime are used in the production of the lightest bricks. In addition, mineral-based additives and engobes can be used in the brick mass, which affect the color tone of the brick. The solid and perforated bricks as well as brick slips are produced by extruding method. Brick products are fired at over 1000 °C. The firing process can be fueled with either natural gas or biogas in the Koria brick factory. Bricks produced with biogas are available for purchase on request, but they are not within the scope of this EPD. Extruded bricks and brick slips are mainly used in façade solutions. Certain brick sizes can also be used in chimneys and fireplaces.
General comment on data set Allocation rules used are made according to ISO14044:2006. Allocation is avoided when possible and when necessary, allocation is made based on physical shares and also avoiding double calculations. Allocation is required if the production process produces more than one product and the flows of materials, energy and waste cannot be separately measured for the studied product. Allocation used in generic data sources follow the requirements of the EN 15804 -standard. It should be noticed that the allocation method ‘ llocation, cut-off, N 80 ’ has been used for EcoInvent 3.10.1 data, which complies with EN 15804. Avoiding allocation could not be avoided for following inputs as the information was only measured on factory process level. Electricity consumption, fuels for processing: only measured on factory level. Production waste flows: only measured on factory level. Production water consumption: only measured on factory level Packaging materials: only measured on factory level. According to EN 15804, flows leaving the system at the end-of-waste boundary of the product stage (A1-A3) are allocated as co-products. According to EN 15804, processes that has a very low contribution to the overall revenue may be neglected in co-product allocation. This study follows the cut-off criteria stated in RTS PCR and EN 15804 -standard. This study does not exclude any modules or processes which represent more than 1 % of the emissions of the studied life cycle stage. The study does not exclude any hazardous materials or substances. Excluded processes and the criteria for exclusion are given in the following table. Machines and facilities (capital goods) required for and during production are excluded, as is transportation of employees.
Copyright Yes
Owner of data set
Quantitative reference
Reference flow(s)
Biogenic carbon content
  • Carbon content (biogenic): 0.0 kg
  • Carbon content (biogenic) - packaging: 0.001 kg
Time representativeness
Data set valid until 2030
Time representativeness description "2025-04-15" - "2030-04-15"
Technological representativeness

Indicators of life cycle

IndicatorDirectionUnit Production
A1-A3
 Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
Use of renewable primary energy (PERE)
Input
  • 0.226
  • 0.00283
  • -0.000396
  • 0.0000388
  • 0.00161
  • 0.000263
  • 0.000494
  • -0.0128
Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM)
Input
  • 0.0119
  • 0
  • -0.0119
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Total use of renewable primary energy resource (PERT)
Input
  • 0.238
  • 0.00283
  • -0.0123
  • 0.0000388
  • 0.00161
  • 0.000263
  • 0.000494
  • -0.0128
Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE)
Input
  • 3.34
  • 0.206
  • -0.000841
  • 0.00612
  • 0.117
  • 0.0416
  • 0.0425
  • -0.213
Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM)
Input
  • 0.000787
  • 0
  • -0.000787
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT)
Input
  • 3.34
  • 0.206
  • -0.00163
  • 0.00612
  • 0.117
  • 0.0416
  • 0.0425
  • -0.213
Use of secondary material (SM)
Input
  • 0.000863
  • 0.0000879
  • 7.02E-8
  • 0.00000255
  • 0.0000499
  • 0.0000173
  • 0.0000154
  • 0.884
Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF)
Input
  • 0.000443
  • 0.00000111
  • 1.12E-9
  • 6.65E-9
  • 6.32E-7
  • 4.51E-8
  • 2.08E-7
  • -0.00000134
Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of net fresh water (FW)
Input
  • 0.00408
  • 0.0000305
  • 9.47E-8
  • 4.05E-7
  • 0.0000173
  • 0.00000275
  • 0.0000218
  • -0.000335
Hazardous waste disposed (HWD)
Output
  • 0.00546
  • 0.000349
  • 0.00000137
  • 0.00000681
  • 0.000198
  • 0.0000463
  • 0.0000607
  • -0.00107
Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD)
Output
  • 0.168
  • 0.00647
  • 0.0000359
  • 0.0000929
  • 0.00367
  • 0.00063
  • 0.00118
  • -0.0199
Radioactive waste disposed (RWD)
Output
  • 0.00000175
  • 4.47E-8
  • 5.8E-11
  • 6.72E-10
  • 2.53E-8
  • 4.56E-9
  • 7.51E-9
  • -2.47E-7
Components for re-use (CRU)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.000789
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Materials for recycling (MFR)
Output
  • 0.00112
  • 0
  • 0.00004
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.883
  • 0
  • 0
Materials for energy recovery (MER)
Output
  • 0.00116
  • 0
  • 0.000027
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Exported electrical energy (EEE)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Exported thermal energy (EET)
Output
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.

IndicatorUnit Production
A1-A3
 Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF)
  • 3.4
  • 0.206
  • 0.00014
  • 0.00612
  • 0.117
  • 0.0416
  • 0.0425
  • -0.213
Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE)
  • 0.00000236
  • 3.96E-8
  • 2.9E-11
  • 1.68E-10
  • 2.25E-8
  • 1.14E-9
  • 5.65E-9
  • -7.84E-8
Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP)
  • 0.000743
  • 0.0000484
  • 4.83E-8
  • 0.00000423
  • 0.0000275
  • 0.0000287
  • 0.0000151
  • -0.000102
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP)
  • 8.07E-9
  • 2.1E-10
  • 0
  • 7E-12
  • 1.19E-10
  • 4.9E-11
  • 5E-11
  • -1.79E-10
Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater)
  • 0.0000232
  • 0.00000111
  • 1.13E-9
  • 1.35E-8
  • 6.27E-7
  • 9.16E-8
  • 1.82E-7
  • -0.00000361
Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine)
  • 0.000182
  • 0.0000159
  • 1.95E-8
  • 0.00000196
  • 0.00000903
  • 0.0000133
  • 0.00000604
  • -0.0000285
Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial)
  • 0.00199
  • 0.000173
  • 1.91E-7
  • 0.0000215
  • 0.0000983
  • 0.000146
  • 0.0000656
  • -0.000326
Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic)
  • -0.00136
  • 0
  • 0.00136
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil)
  • 0.234
  • 0.0142
  • 0.000073
  • 0.000469
  • 0.00806
  • 0.00318
  • 0.00249
  • -0.0164
Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc)
  • 0.0001
  • 0.00000637
  • 9.14E-9
  • 4.8E-8
  • 0.00000361
  • 3.26E-7
  • 0.00000543
  • -0.0000126
Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total)
  • 0.232
  • 0.0142
  • 0.00144
  • 0.000469
  • 0.00807
  • 0.00318
  • 0.0025
  • -0.0164
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
  • 0.000754
  • 0.0000715
  • 6.42E-8
  • 0.0000064
  • 0.0000406
  • 0.0000434
  • 0.0000221
  • -0.0000995
Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP)
  • 0.156
  • 0.00102
  • 0.00000499
  • 0.0000153
  • 0.000578
  • 0.000104
  • 0.000162
  • -0.014

IndicatorUnit Production
A1-A3
 Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties on these results are high or as there is limited experiences with the indicator.
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) 2
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No records found.
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) 2
No records found.
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Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) 2
No records found.
No records found.
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No records found.
Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) 1
No records found.
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Potential Soil quality index (SQP) 2
No records found.
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No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
No records found.
Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) 2
No records found.
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No records found.